HI Poul,
I ran into this because my cable provider blocks port 80. Thus when LetsEncrypt went to port 80 to retrieve the message to prove that this is the machine for the certificate, it failed the challenge. SO, port 80 was the problem for me. Bruce has another method for using DNS instead of direct challenge but you have to use a DNS provider which allows you to change some of the parameters. Bruce has them listed. In my case, I just bought a SSL certificate from GoDaddy - that was the easiest solution in my particular case.
Ron